Relación entre dimensiones antropométricas de tronco y valores de espirometría / Association between anthropometric dimensions of trunk and spirometry indices

Los objetivos del presente estudio fueron primero evaluar la asociación de dimensiones antropométricas de tórax y tronco con índices espirométricos, segundo, ajustar una ecuación de predicción con dimensiones antropométricas de tronco y tercero, comparar nuestro modelo predictivo con dos ecuaciones diagnósticas. Se evaluaron 59 estudiantes universitarios entre 20 y 40 años, de ambos sexos, sin hábito tabáquico. Las variables consideradas fueron: edad, sexo, peso, estatura, diámetro transverso de tórax, diámetro anteroposterior de tórax, perímetro de tórax, altura de tórax, altura de tronco, flujo espiratorio máximo (FEM), volumen espiratorio forzado en el primer segundo (VEF1) y capacidad vital forzada (CVF). Se utilizó el análisis de regresión múltiple para estimar los valores espirométricos en función de las variables demográficas y antropométricas. La CVF y el VEF1 tienen asociación lineal directa con el diámetro transverso de tórax, altura de tórax, perímetro de tórax y altura de tronco. Se ajustó una ecuación de regresión lineal múltiple que indicó que es posible estimar la CVF y el VEF11 en función de la altura de tronco y el perímetro de tórax para ambos sexos. Estas variables son capaces de explicar el 74 % de los valores de CVF y el 68 % de los valores de VEF1. Al comparar los valores obtenidos por nuestras ecuaciones predictivas con las ecuaciones de referencia nacional observamos que nuestros resultados son más cercanos a los de Quanjer et al. (2012) que a los de Knudson et al. (1983). La altura de tronco y el perímetro de tórax tienen asociación directa con el VEF1 y CVF y son buenos predictores del VEF1 y CVF en estudiantes universitarios. Nuestros valores estimados son más cercanos a las ecuaciones de Quanjer et al. (2012) en comparación a las estimaciones de Knudson (1983).

SUMMARY: The purposes of the present study were first to evaluate the association between anthropometric dimensions of the thorax and trunk with spirometric indices, second, to fit a prediction equation with anthropometric dimensions of the trunk, and third, to compare our predictive model with two diagnostic equations. Fifty-nine university students between 20 and 40 years old, of both sexes and non-smokers were recruited. Variables considered were age, sex, weight, height, chest transverse diameter, chest anteroposterior diameter, chest perimeter, chest height, trunk height, maximum expiratory flow (PEF), forced expiratory volume in the first second (FEV1) and forced vital capacity (FVC). Multiple regression analysis was used to estimate spirometric values based on demographic and anthropometric variables. FVC and FEV1 have a direct linear association with chest transverse diameter, chest height, chest circumference, and trunk height. A multiple linear regression equation was fitted, indicating that it is possible to estimate FVC and FEV1 as a function of trunk height and chest girth for both sexes. These variables can explain 74% of the FVC values and 68% of the FEV1 values. Comparing the values obtained by our predictive equations with the national reference equations, we observe that our results are closer to those of Quanjer et al. (2012) than to those of Knudson et al. (1983). Trunk height and chest circumference have a direct association with FEV1 and FVC and are good predictors of FEV1 and FVC in university students. Our estimated values are closer to Quanjer et al. (2012) than Knudson et al. (1983) prediction equations.

Effect of Supervised Resistance Training on Arm Volume, Quality of Life and Physical Perfomance Among Women at High Risk for Breast Cancer-Related Lymphedema: A Study Protocol for a Randomized Controlled Trial (STRONG-B).

Objectives: To determine the preventive effects of supervised resistance training on arms volume, quality of life, physical performance, and handgrip strength in Chilean women at high risk for breast cancer-related lymphedema (BCRL) undergoing chemotherapy. Design: Randomized control trial. Participants: One hundred and six women at high risk for breast cancer-related lymphedema aged 18 to 70 years. Interventions: Participants will be randomized into two groups: [a] intervention, who will receive 12 weeks of supervised resistance training (STRONG-B) during adjuvant chemotherapy; and [b] control, who will receive education to promote lymphatic and venous return, maintain range of motion, and promote physical activity. Main Outcome Measures: The primary outcome will be arms volume measured with an optoelectric device (perometer NT1000). Secondary outcomes will be quality of life, handgrip strength, and physical performance. Primary and secondary outcomes will be measured at baseline, just after the intervention, and 3 and 6 months after. Statistical analysis will be performed following intention-to-treat and per-protocol approaches. The treatment effect will be calculated using linear mixed models. Discussion: The STRONG-B will be a tailored supervised resistance training that attempts to prevent or mitigate BCRL in a population that, due to both intrinsic and extrinsic factors, will commonly suffer from BCRL. Clinical Trial Registration: [https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04821609], identifier NCT04821609.

[Evaluation of the crossed cerebro-cerebellar activation to determine language lateralization in patients with brain tumors]. / Evaluación de la actividad cerebro-cerebelar cruzada para determinar la lateralidad del lenguaje en pacientes con tumores cerebrales.

BACKGROUND: The crossed cerebro-cerebellar (CCC) activation facilitates the diagnosis of cortical language lateralization, but needs to be explored with language tasks suitable for patients with different age ranges, educational attainment and eventual presence of language deficits. AIM: To determine the effect of demographic variables in the performance of three language tasks in healthy volunteers and to determine the CCC activation of these tasks as a functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) paradigm in brain tumor patients. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The behavioral performance (correct responses and reaction time) of three language tasks (verbal fluency, semantic and phonological decision tasks) was first examined in 76 healthy volunteers balanced by age and educational level. Later, these tasks were implemented as fMRI paradigms to explore CCC language activation of 20 patients with potential diagnosis of brain tumors. RESULTS: The performance of the verbal fluency task was affected by age. The CCC language activation was reproducible with the semantic and phonological tasks. The combination of the tasks determined typical and atypical language lateralization in 60% and 40% of our patients, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The verbal fluency task must be implemented with care as a clinical fMRI paradigm. Our results suggest that semantic and phonological tasks can be a good alternative for brain tumor patients with language deficits.

Exercise Training to Decrease Ectopic Intermuscular Adipose Tissue in Individuals With Chronic Diseases: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of exercise training on ectopic fat within skeletal muscle (intermuscular adipose tissue [IMAT]) in adult populations with chronic diseases. METHODS: A literature search was conducted in relevant databases to identify randomized controlled trials (RCTs) from inception. Selected studies examined the effect of aerobic training (AET), resistance training (RT), or combined training (COM) on IMAT as assessed by noninvasive magnetic resonance imagery or computed tomography. Eligibility was determined using Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses. Data extraction was performed using the population (P), intervention (I), comparison (C), outcome (O), timing (T), and settings (S) approach. Methodological quality was analyzed by the Cochrane risk of bias assessment. Standardized effect sizes (ES) with 95% CIs were calculated. Heterogeneity among studies was quantified using I2 statistics. Subgroup and meta-regression analyses were included. Risk of publication bias was examined by the Egger regression test. RESULTS: Nineteen RCTs included 962 adults (628 women; age range = 34.8-93.4 years) with different chronic conditions that participated in 10 AET, 12 RT, and 5 COM interventions. The quality of studies was deemed moderate. Overall, the effect of exercise on IMAT was small (ES = 0.24; 95% CI = 0.10 to 0.37; heterogeneity I2 = 0.0%) compared with no exercise or control interventions. Moderate-intensity AET and COM had larger ES compared with RT regardless of intensity. This effect was associated with exercise-induced body weight and fat mass losses. Subgroup analysis revealed larger ES in studies assessing IMAT by magnetic resonance imagery compared with computed tomography in adults and middle-aged individuals compared with older adults and in participants who were HIV+ compared with other diagnoses. CONCLUSION: AET and COM of moderate intensity reduce IMAT in individuals from 18 to 65 years of age who are affected by chronic diseases. This effect is associated with exercise-induced body weight and fat mass losses. In older individuals who are frail and patients at an advanced disease stage, exercise may result in a paradoxical IMAT accumulation. IMPACT: In people affected by chronic conditions, IMAT accumulation induces muscle mass and strength losses, decline in physical performance, inflammation, and metabolic alterations. The present study shows that moderate-intensity AET or COM prevent or reduce IMAT in these conditions. Thus, the deleterious effect of IMAT on skeletal muscle homeostasis may be reverted by a properly prescribed exercise regime. The findings of the present systematic review are critical for physical therapists and health care professionals because they emphasize the therapeutic role of exercise and provide recommendations for exercise prescription that ultimately may have a positive impact on the course of disease, recovery of functionality, and independence. LAY SUMMARY: Aerobic exercise (eg, walking/jogging, cycling) alone or combined with resistance exercise (strength training with free-weights, kettle bells, or gym equipment) is effective in reducing fat streaks that infiltrate muscles and impair muscle function and growth, particularly in adults affected by chronic diseases.

Evaluación de la actividad cerebro-cerebelar cruzada para determinar la lateralidad del lenguaje en pacientes con tumores cerebrales / Evaluation of the crossed cerebro-cerebellar activation to determine language lateralization in patients with brain tumors

Background: The crossed cerebro-cerebellar (CCC) activation facilitates the diagnosis of cortical language lateralization, but needs to be explored with language tasks suitable for patients with different age ranges, educational attainment and eventual presence of language deficits. Aim: To determine the effect of demographic variables in the performance of three language tasks in healthy volunteers and to determine the CCC activation of these tasks as a functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) paradigm in brain tumor patients. Material and Methods: The behavioral performance (correct responses and reaction time) of three language tasks (verbal fluency, semantic and phonological decision tasks) was first examined in 76 healthy volunteers balanced by age and educational level. Later, these tasks were implemented as fMRI paradigms to explore CCC language activation of 20 patients with potential diagnosis of brain tumors. Results: The performance of the verbal fluency task was affected by age. The CCC language activation was reproducible with the semantic and phonological tasks. The combination of the tasks determined typical and atypical language lateralization in 60% and 40% of our patients, respectively. Conclusions: The verbal fluency task must be implemented with care as a clinical fMRI paradigm. Our results suggest that semantic and phonological tasks can be a good alternative for brain tumor patients with language deficits.

Interplay between rotational work shift and high altitude-related chronic intermittent hypobaric hypoxia on cardiovascular health and sleep quality in Chilean miners.

Mining activities expose workers to diverse working conditions, rotational shifts and high altitude-related hypobaric hypoxia. Separately, each condition has been reported having a negative impact on miners' health risk; however, the combination of both stressors has been poorly explored. The present study aimed to analyse the effects of exposure to rotational work shift (RWS) alone or in combination with high altitude-related chronic intermittent hypobaric hypoxia (CIHH) on cardiometabolic, physical activity and sleep quality related markers in copper miners from Los Pelambres mine in Chile. One hundred and eleven male miners working in RWS with or without CIHH were included. Anthropometrics measures, sleep quality assessment, physical activity level (PAL) and handgrip strength were evaluated. Exposure to CIHH exacerbated the detrimental effects of RWS as miners exposed to the combination of RWS and CIHH where more obese and had a wider neck circumference, reduced PAL at work and worsened sleep quality. Practitioner summary: The purpose was to assess cardiometabolic health and sleep quality markers associated with the combined effects of rotational shift work and high altitude-related intermittent hypobaric hypoxia in miners. Findings showed a wider neck circumference, lower physical activity level and higher prevalence of poor sleep quality in exposed miners. Abbreviations: ANOVA: analysis of variance; BM: body mass; BMI: body mass index; CI: confidence intervals; CIHH: chronic intermittent hypobaric hypoxia; CV: cardiovascular; CVR: cardiovascular risk; HA: high altitude; HACE: high-altitude cerebral edema; HGS: handgrip strength; IPAQ-SF: International Physical Activity Questionnaire - Short Form; LSD: Fisher's least standardized difference; MANCOVA: multivariate general lineal model; MET: metabolic equivalent; PAL: physical activity level; PSQI: Pittsburg sleep quality index; RWS: rotational work shift; WHR: waist-to-hip ratio.

Validity and reliability of evaluating hip abductor strength using different normalization methods in a functional electromechanical device.

The hip abductor muscles are vitally important for pelvis stability, and common strength deficits can negatively affect functionality. The muscle strength can be measured using different dynamometers and be evaluated in three positions (side-lying, standing, and supine). Obtained strength data can be expressed in different ways, with data normalization providing more objective and comparable results. The aim of this study was to establish the validity and reliability of three protocols in evaluating the isometric strength of the hip abductor muscles. A new functional electromechanical dynamometer assessed strength in three positions, with findings subjected to three data normalization methods. In two identical sessions, the hip abductor strengths of 29 subjects were recorded in the side-lying, standing, and supine positions. Peak force was recorded in absolute terms and normalized against body mass, fat-free mass, and an allometric technique. The peak force recorded in the side-lying position was 30% and 27% higher than in the standing and supine positions, respectively, independent of data normalization methodology. High inter-protocol correlations were found (r: 0.72 to 0.98, p ≤ 0.001). The supine position with allometric data normalization had the highest test-retest reliability (0.94 intraclass correlation coefficient and 5.64% coefficient of variation). In contrast, the side-lying position with body mass data normalization had a 0.66 intraclass correlation coefficient and 9.8% coefficient of variation. In conclusion, the functional electromechanical dynamometer is a valid device for measuring isometric strength in the hip abductor muscles. The three assessed positions are reliable, although the supine position with allometric data normalization provided the best results.

Asociación entre características antropométricas y funcionalidad motriz en sujetos chilenos con distintos niveles de actividad física / Association between anthropometric characteristics and the motor function in Chileans subjects with different levels of physical activity

Existe escasa información respecto a la relación entre los parámetros antropométricos y la funcionalidad motriz en sujetos activos e inactivos. En ese sentido, la presente investigación pretende determinar la relación entre las características antropométricas y la puntuación de funcionalidad motriz en sujetos chilenos con distintos niveles de actividad física. La muestra incluyó 63 sujetos (20 mujeres), distribuidos en tres grupos: grupo físicamente activo (GFA, n=21), grupo deportista (GD, n=21) y grupo físicamente inactivo (GFI, n=21). Las variables estudiadas correspondieron a la composición corporal, perímetro de cintura (PC), índice de masa corporal (IMC), índice cintura-cadera (ICC) y funcionalidad motriz a través del Functional Movement Screen (FMS). Se aplicó Anova una vía, el test de Pearson y un modelo de regresión lineal múltiple, considerando un p <0,05. Los resultados indican correlaciones moderadas e inversas entre la puntuación FMS y la sumatoria de pliegues cutáneos, Zadiposidad, masa adiposa (kg) e IMC en el GFI (-0,52 ≤ r ≤ -0,62), y con la sumatoria de pliegues cutáneos, masa adiposa (kg y %) en el GFA(-0,54 ≤ r ≤ -0,60). Los cambios en la puntuación del FMS se explican principalmente por la suma de pliegues cutáneos, la Zadiposidad, la masa grasa (kg), el porcentaje de masa grasa y el PC. En conclusión, las características antropométricas y la funcionalidad motriz se encuentran asociadas en sujetos chilenos físicamente activos (GFA) e inactivos, mostrando una relación inversa entre el puntaje del FMS con los parámetros de la composición corporal relacionados con la adiposidad(AU)

There is little information about the relationship between anthropometric indexes and motor function in active and inactive subjects. In that sense, this research aims todetermine the relationship between anthropometric characteristics and motor function score in Chilean subjects with different levels of physical activity. The sample included 63 subjects (20 women), allocated into three groups:physically active group (GFA, n=21), athlete group (GD, n=21) and physically inactive group (GFI, n=21).The variables studied were body composition, waist circumference (WC), body mass index (BMI), waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), and motor functionality using the Functional Movement Screen (FMS). A One-way ANOVA, Pearson’s correlation test, and a multiple linear regression model were applied, considering P <0.05.The results showed a moderate inverse correlation (-0.52 ≤ r ≤ -0.62)between FMS score and sum of skin folds, Z-score fat, fat mass (Kg), BMI in the GFI. Similarly, in the GFA the FMS showed a moderate inverse correlation (-0.54 ≤ r ≤ -0.60) with the sum of skin folds, fat mass (Kg& %). Changes in the FMS score were mainly explained by the sum of skin fold, Z-score fat, fat mass (kg), percentage of fat mass and WC. In conclusion, anthropometric characteristics are associated with motor function in physically active (GFA) and inactive Chilean subjects, showing an inverse relationship between the FMS score and adiposity parameters of body composition(AU)

Variaciones en el estado nutricional y su reflejo en la composición corporal en mujeres chilenas con síndrome metabólico / Changes in nutritional status and its reflection in body composition in Chilean women with metabolic syndrome

Introducción: la categorización del estado nutricional a través del índice de masa corporal (IMC) es uno de los recursos de valoración clínica más utilizados en el síndrome metabólico (SM). Sin embargo, es desconocida su capacidad para identificar las diferencias en la composición corporal. Objetivo: determinar si las variaciones en el estado nutricional se reflejan en la composición corporal en mujeres con SM e identificar la concordancia de clasificación del riesgo cardiometabólico entre el estado nutricional e índices antropométricos. Material y métodos: la muestra incluyó 136 mujeres (edad 42 ± 3,5 años) con SM. Se evaluó el estado nutricional, masa muscular, masa adiposa, perímetro de cintura (PC), índice cintura-cadera (ICC) e índice cintura-estatura (ICE). Se compararon los valores de composición corporal e índices antropométricos; adicionalmente se determinó la concordancia clasificatoria del riesgo cardiometabólico entre los índices y el IMC. Resultados: solo la edad (p = 0,358), estatura (p = 0,209) y porcentaje de adiposidad (p = 0,234) no mostraron diferencias significativas entre los grupos. La mejor concordancia clasificatoria del riesgo cardiometabólico se observó en el PC > 88 cm (94,9%) e ICE ≥ 0,5 (94,1%) al categorizar el IMC en normopeso vs. exceso de peso; mientras que el PC > 88 cm obtuvo mejor concordancia separando al grupo en normopeso-sobrepeso vs. obesidad (85,3%), aunque la sensibilidad y especificidad fueron más homogéneas con el ICC ≥ 0,85. Conclusión: el IMC no logra identificar las variaciones de la adiposidad corporal en mujeres con SM agrupadas según su estado nutricional. El IMC presenta mejor sensibilidad que especificidad respecto a los índices considerados para determinar riesgo cardiometabólico en mujeres con SM (AU)

Introduction: The categorization of nutritional status by the body mass index (BMI) is one of the most used clinical assessment method in patients with metabolic syndrome (MS). The utility to identify differences in body composition to determine changes in nutritional status that are reflected in the variables of body composition in women with MS is unknown. Objetive: To determine whether variations on nutritional status are associated with body composition parameters in women with metabolic syndrome, and to identify the level of agreement between nutritional status and health anthropometric indices in cardiometabolic risk classification. Material and methods: Nutritional status, muscle mass, fat mass, waist circumference (PC), waist-hip ratio (WHR) and waist-height index (ICE) were assessed in 136 women with SM (age 42 ± 3.5 years). Body composition and anthropometric indices were compared. In addition, the agreement between the risk of metabolic syndrome and BMI was determined. Results: There were no significant differences between groups in age (p = 0.358), height (p = 0.209) and percentage of adiposity (p = 0.234). The best agreement of cardiometabolic risk was observed between PC > 88 cm (94.9%) and ICE ≥ 0.5 (94.9%) when BMI is dichotomized as normal weight and overweight; while, the PC > 88 cm (85.3%) showed better agreement when BMI is grouped as normal weight versus overweight and obesity. The percentages of agreement were more homogeneous with the ICC ≥ 0.85. Conclusion: The BMI does not identify changes in body fat in women with MS when they are grouped using nutritional status. BMI has better sensitivity than specificity respect to the indices considered in determining cardiometabolic risk in women with MS (AU)

Asociación entre el estado nutricional y la prevalencia de pie plano en niños chilenos de 6 a 10 años de edad.

Introducción: dado el incremento del sobrepeso y obesidad infantil, es relevante estudiar no solo las consecuencias metabólicas, sino también aquellas de índole musculoesqueléticas que pueden afectar la funcionalidad motriz, como es el pie plano, en esta población. Objetivo: identificar la asociación entre el estado nutricional y la prevalencia de pie plano en niños y niñas chilenos de 6 a 10 años. Métodos: el z-score del índice de masa corporal (IMC) y el registro y análisis de las huellas plantares según la metodología de Hernández-Corvo fue llevado a cabo en 388 escolares (52,3% niñas). Un test de diferencia para dos proporciones fue utilizado para evaluar las diferencias entre los grupos. Se considera una significancia estadística con p ≤ 0,05. Resultados: la prevalencia del exceso de peso fue de más del 40%. Esta prevalencia fue más alta en las niñas (47,8%) que en los niños (42,7%). La prevalencia de pie plano en todos los niños fue del 17%, presentando valores más elevados el pie derecho (18,3%) que el izquierdo (15,7%). Hay un incremento significativo de la prevalencia de pie plano en los niños obesos en relación con los niños con sobrepeso y normopeso. Conclusión: el estado nutricional está asociado con incrementos en la prevalencia de pie plano en niños. En la población infantil de 6 a 10 años de edad, la obesidad está asociada con la alteración morfológica del pie.

Asociación entre el estado nutricional y la prevalencia de pie plano en niños chilenos de 6 a 10 años de edad / Association between nutritional status and flat foot prevalence in Chilean children from 6 to 10 years old

Introducción: dado el incremento del sobrepeso y obesidad infantil, es relevante estudiar no solo las consecuencias metabólicas, sino también aquellas de índole musculoesqueléticas que pueden afectar la funcionalidad motriz, como es el pie plano, en esta población. Objetivo: identificar la asociación entre el estado nutricional y la prevalencia de pie plano en niños y niñas chilenos de 6 a 10 años. Métodos: el z-score del índice de masa corporal (IMC) y el registro y análisis de las huellas plantares según la metodología de Hernández-Corvo fue llevado a cabo en 388 escolares (52,3% niñas). Un test de diferencia para dos proporciones fue utilizado para evaluar las diferencias entre los grupos. Se considera una significancia estadística con p ≤ 0,05. Resultados: la prevalencia del exceso de peso fue de más del 40%. Esta prevalencia fue más alta en las niñas (47,8%) que en los niños (42,7%). La prevalencia de pie plano en todos los niños fue del 17%, presentando valores más elevados el pie derecho (18,3%) que el izquierdo (15,7%). Hay un incremento significativo de la prevalencia de pie plano en los niños obesos en relación con los niños con sobrepeso y normopeso. Conclusión: el estado nutricional está asociado con incrementos en la prevalencia de pie plano en niños. En la población infantil de 6 a 10 años de edad, la obesidad está asociada con la alteración morfológica del pie (AU)

Introduction: Given the increment of overweight and obese children, it is relevant to study not only metabolic but also musculoskeletal consequences that may affect motor functionality such as flat foot in this population. Objetive: To identify the association between nutritional status and the prevalence of flat foot in Chilean children from 6 to10 years old. Methods: Z-score of body mass index and footprint using Hernandez-Corvo methodology were recorded and analyzed from 388 school children (52.3% girls). A two-sample proportion test was used to test differences between groups. Statistical significance was set at p ≤ 0.05. Results: The prevalence of overweight children was over 40%. This prevalence was higher in women (47.8%) than in men (42.7%). The prevalence of children with flat foot was 17% and higher for the right foot (18.3%) than for the left foot (15.7%). There was a significant higher prevalence of flat foot in obese children in relation to overweight and normal weight children. Conclusion: Nutritional status is associated with greater prevalence of flat foot in children. In infantile population of 6 to 10 years old, obesity is associated with a morphological alteration of feet (AU)